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Muscular Dystrophy

Preserving function and independence through specialist care

About Muscular Dystrophy

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is the name given to a group of inherited genetic conditions that cause progressive muscle weakness and wasting over time. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and severe form in childhood, affecting approximately 1 in every 3,500 boys born in the UK (Muscular Dystrophy UK). Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is a milder variant. Other forms include limb-girdle, facioscapulohumeral (FSHD), Emery-Dreifuss, and congenital muscular dystrophies. The muscles affected and the rate of progression vary between the different types. Physiotherapy plays a central role in the multidisciplinary management of MD, helping to maintain function, manage complications, and support quality of life at every stage.

Different types of MD affect different groups. DMD almost exclusively affects boys, with onset typically between ages 3 and 5. Other forms such as FSHD and limb-girdle MD affect both males and females and may not become apparent until adulthood. Around 70,000 people in the UK are living with some form of muscular dystrophy or a related neuromuscular condition (Muscular Dystrophy UK).

Information sourced from: NHS, Muscular Dystrophy UK

Signs & Symptoms

  • Progressive muscle weakness, typically beginning in the proximal muscles (hips and shoulders)
  • Difficulty climbing stairs, running, or rising from the floor (Gowers' sign in DMD)
  • Muscle wasting and reduced muscle bulk
  • Pseudohypertrophy (apparent enlargement of calf muscles in DMD)
  • Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance
  • Joint contractures — tightness at hips, knees, ankles, and elbows
  • Scoliosis and respiratory complications as the condition progresses
  • Cardiac involvement in some forms
  • Cognitive and learning difficulties in some types

How Physiotherapy Helps

  • Maintaining active range of movement through stretching and positioning programmes
  • Preventing or slowing the development of joint contractures
  • Advising on appropriate orthoses to maintain function and alignment
  • Hydrotherapy — aquatic therapy is often well-tolerated and highly beneficial
  • Respiratory physiotherapy and breathing exercises to support lung function
  • Advising on functional activity, fatigue management, and pacing
  • Advising on appropriate powered wheelchairs and seating systems
  • Night-time positioning and standing programmes using standing frames
  • Palliative and supportive care in advanced stages
  • Family and carer education in safe handling and home exercise programmes

What to Expect from Physio4Kids

1

A baseline assessment of muscle strength, range of movement, and functional abilities

2

A programme tailored to the stage and progression of the condition

3

Community-based sessions — at home or school — to fit around the individual's needs

4

Regular review and adaptation of goals as the condition evolves

5

Close working with neurologists, respiratory teams, cardiologists, and orthopaedics

6

Support and written documentation for EHCP, legal, and case management processes

Ready to discuss Muscular Dystrophy support?

Our specialist physiotherapy team has extensive experience supporting children and young adults with muscular dystrophy. Contact us today for a free initial conversation.